Barotrauma is a condition caused by changes in environmental pressure, whether in air or water. The most common type affects the ears during airplane takeoff and landing and is often referred to as airplane ear. Barotrauma can also impact the sinuses and lungs, particularly during scuba diving, due to changes in surrounding water pressure.
Air filled spaces within the body such as the eustachian tubes in the ears, the sinuses in the face and head, and the lungs normally adjust to balance pressure changes in the environment. When external pressure changes too quickly for the body to adapt, it can disrupt this balance and lead to barotrauma.
Some individuals are more susceptible to ear barotrauma than others. Children and infants may be at higher risk due to the size and positioning of their eustachian tubes. Conditions that interfere with normal eustachian tube function can also increase risk. These may include allergies, colds, or infections that cause congestion, structural abnormalities of the ear canal, and hormonal changes such as those that occur during pregnancy
Possible symptoms of ear barotrauma may include:
• A blocked or stuffy feeling in the ears
• Muffled hearing or temporary hearing loss
• Ear pain that can range from mild discomfort to severe pain
• Vertigo or a spinning sensation
• A ruptured eardrum
• Nausea and vomiting
• Disorientation
In many cases, such as during air travel, symptoms of ear barotrauma are mild and often improve on their own
after reaching a stable altitude or once the plane has landed.
In most cases, ear barotrauma resolves on its own without medical treatment. For quicker relief, especially during airplane takeoff or landing, you can help equalize pressure in your ears by trying the following techniques:
• Chewing gum
• Sucking on hard candy
• Yawning or gently stretching your jaw
• Drinking water or swallowing several times
If you know you are experiencing congestion from allergies or a cold, taking antihistamines or decongestants before flying may help reduce symptoms. Some people also find relief by using specially designed ear plugs that help minimize discomfort caused by pressure changes during air travel.
In rare cases where barotrauma causes severe or ongoing pain, your physician may recommend further evaluation. This can include examining the eardrum with an otoscope to check for infection or perforation. Infections may require antibiotics, while more serious damage could require surgical treatment. Additional testing such as a hearing assessment or MRI scan may be recommended if needed.
For individuals who experience chronic or recurring barotrauma, particularly those who fly frequently, an ear nose and throat specialist may recommend the placement of grommets, also known as tympanostomy tubes. These small tubes help equalize pressure by creating an alternate pathway in the ear. Grommets typically remain in place for six to twelve months.
Although long term complications from ear barotrauma are uncommon, severe or untreated cases may lead to hearing loss, repeated ear infections, ongoing vertigo, or persistent pain. If your symptoms last longer than expected, it is important to seek medical care.
At ENT Specialists of Alberta, our experienced team is dedicated to providing expert diagnosis and treatment to help patients across Alberta prevent and manage barotrauma effectively.
If you or your child are experiencing symptoms that may be related to ear barotrauma, contact ENT Specialists of Alberta to schedule a consultation and get the care you need.
Discover comprehensive ENT care with our network of experienced providers across multiple convenient locations. From routine check-ups to specialized treatments, we’re here for all your ear, nose, and throat needs.
